A Comprehensive Guide to the History of Persian Carpets | Part Three

Sasanian Period: A 400-Year Reign (224 to 651 AD)

The Sasanian Empire emerged after the Parthian Empire and flourished for over 400 years as one of the world’s leading powers. Geographically, it occupied the boundaries of the Achaemenid Empire, with its capital in Ctesiphon. The Sasanian s adopted Zoroastrianism as their official religion.

While the precise origin of Persian pile carpet weaving in this era remains unclear, it is evident that the knowledge of carpet weaving and suitable designs for floor coverings spread throughout the region, including Eastern Rome, Anatolia, and Iran. These connections facilitated the exchange of artistic styles and decorative motifs.

During the Sasanian period, flat weaving and embroidery were well-known crafts, as evidenced by the exquisite Sasanian silk textiles found in various locations. However, the techniques used in the courtly carpets, such as the magnificent Four Seasons carpet, remain uncertain.

Fragments of pile carpets from northeastern Afghanistan, dating back to the early Sasanian period, provide insights into the early carpet weaving of the region. These carpets, depicting animal figures and using wool for the warp, weft, and pile, demonstrate the craftsmanship’s evolution during this period.

The Rise of Islam and the Caliphate Era: 651 to 1258 AD

The Muslim conquest of Iran marked the end of the Sasanian Empire and the gradual integration of Persian culture into the Islamic world under the Islamic Caliphates. During this period, Arab geographers and historians first noted the use of carpets as floor coverings in Iran. These sources emphasize that carpet weaving and production in Iran during the Caliphate period were primarily rural or tribal industries.

The Seljuk Influence and the Emergence of the Turko-Persian Tradition

The Seljuk invasions of Anatolia and northwestern Iran led to the emergence of a unique Turko-Persian tradition. Fragments of carpets woven from this period provide a glimpse into the Seljuk Turkmen carpets, though their influence on Persian carpet weaving remains unclear.

Mongol Influence in the Ilkhanid and the Flourishing Timurid Period

The Mongol invasions brought turmoil to Iran, and with the establishment of the Ilkhanate, Persian carpets found their way into the homes of the wealthy and notable. The Timurid Empire and its impact on Persian carpet weaving are depicted in historical accounts and artistic miniatures, showcasing carpets with geometric motifs, knot patterns, and borders inspired by calligraphy.

Although many early Persian carpets have not survived to this day, the evolution of weaving techniques and artistic influences during this period laid the foundation for the rich tradition of Persian carpet weaving that we admire today.